Segregation was the central issue facing the civil rights challenges and achievements of the 1950s and 1960s--specifically, the Brown vs. Board of Education decision, the Civil Rights Act of 1964, and the implementation of the Medicare program. However, current efforts to eliminate racial and ethnic disparities in health care treatment fail to address the effect of segregation on disparities. By reviewing the history of the civil rights era efforts to integrate health care in the United States and assessing its accomplishments, this report offers lessons of this experience for current efforts to eliminate disparities in health care treatment. Progress can best be achieved by making the reduction of health care segregation a measurable goal, reinvigorating regional planning, taking a more critical view of the impact of "consumer-driven" choice in the organization of care and health plans, and transforming health care reform into a civil rights issue.
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